[Medical applications of social networks. Specific aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Aplicaciones médicas de las redes sociales. Aspectos específicos de la pandemia de la COVID-19.

For years, social networks have been incorporated into the day-to-day of the majority of the population. In this context, a new area of knowledge in medicine has been developed: infodemiology. It is defined as the evaluation, with the objective of improving public health, of health-related information that users upload to the network. In addition, social networks offer many possibilities for conducting public health campaigns, accessing patients, or carrying out treatment interventions.

[Update on COVID-19 and mental health]. / COVID-19 y salud mental.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, which has caused a pandemic in 2020. This healthcare crisis has had a significant repercussion on the mental health of people who have had the disease itself, those who have undergone restrictive lockdowns, and healthcare professionals who have been working directly or indirectly in patient care. Although the pathological mechanisms related to neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with COVID-19 are currently unknown, different methods of action through which the central nervous system could be affected have been proposed, including direct or indirect methods. Among them, inflammatory activation through what is known as a "cytokine storm," which is present in both COVID-19 and some mental disorders, seems to play a fundamental role. We also analyze the effects the pandemic has had on the general population, which has had to be remain in lockdown, as well as on healthcare professionals who have been working.

Development and psychometric properties of the "Suicidality: Treatment Occurring in Paediatrics (STOP) Risk and Resilience Factors Scales" in adolescents.

Suicidality in the child and adolescent population is a major public health concern. There is, however, a lack of developmentally sensitive valid and reliable instruments that can capture data on risk, and clinical and psychosocial mediators of suicidality in young people. In this study, we aimed to develop and assess the validity of instruments evaluating the psychosocial risk and protective factors for suicidal behaviours in the adolescent population. In Phase 1, based on a systematic literature review of suicidality, focus groups, and expert panel advice, the risk factors and protective factors (resilience factors) were identified and the adolescent, parent, and clinician versions of the STOP-Suicidality Risk Factors Scale (STOP-SRiFS) and the Resilience Factors Scale (STOP-SReFS) were developed. Phase 2 involved instrument validation and comprised of two samples (Sample 1 and 2). Sample 1 consisted of 87 adolescents, their parents/carers, and clinicians from the various participating centres, and Sample 2 consisted of three sub-samples: adolescents (n = 259) who completed STOP-SRiFS and/or the STOP-SReFS scales, parents (n = 213) who completed one or both of the scales, and the clinicians who completed the scales (n = 254). The STOP-SRiFS demonstrated a good construct validity-the Cronbach Alpha for the adolescent (α = 0.864), parent (α = 0.842), and clinician (α = 0.722) versions of the scale. Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and content validity were good for all three versions of the STOP-SRiFS. The sub-scales generated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were the (1) anxiety and depression risk, (2) substance misuse risk, (3) interpersonal risk, (4) chronic risk, and (5) risk due to life events. For the STOP-SRiFS, statistically significant correlations were found between the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) total score and the adolescent, parent, and clinical versions of the STOP-SRiFS sub-scale scores. The STOP-SRiFS showed good psychometric properties. This study demonstrated a good construct validity for the STOP-SReFS-the Cronbach Alpha for the three versions were good (adolescent: α = 0.775; parent: α = 0.808; α = clinician: 0.808). EFA for the adolescent version of the STOP-SReFS, which consists of 9 resilience factors domains, generated two factors (1) interpersonal resilience and (2) cognitive resilience. The STOP-SReFS Cognitive Resilience sub-scale for the adolescent was negatively correlated (r = - 0.275) with the C-SSRS total score, showing that there was lower suicidality in those with greater Cognitive Resilience. The STOP-SReFS Interpersonal resilience sub-scale correlations were all negative, but none of them were significantly different to the C-SSRS total scores for either the adolescent, parent, or clinician versions of the scales. This is not surprising, because the items in this sub-scale capture a much larger time-scale, compared to the C-SSRS rating period. The STOP-SReFS showed good psychometric properties. The STOP-SRiFS and STOP-SReFS are instruments that can be used in future studies about suicidality in children and adolescents.

[Juan Negrín López (1892-1956). His scientific and universitary contribution (1892-1936)]. / Juan Negrín López (1892-1956). Su obra científica y universitaria (1892-1936).

Juan Negrín's political activities during and after the Spanish Civil War, that gave rise to much controversy, have unjustly overshadowed his valuable contribution as an organizer and reformer of the scientific institutions of his time. In his capacity of Head of the General Physiologic Laboratory of the Residence of Students in 1916, Negrín's links with the Board for the Development of Scientifical Studies and Research (J.A.E.) allowed him to make an outstanding contribution to a renewal and updating movement in the f*eld of sciences. A modern "school" of experimental physiologists developed under his wing and was sponsored by the Chair of Physiology of the Central University which Negrin held in 1922. Concomitantly, Negrin's access to executive posts (Secretary of the Faculty of Medicine and of the Governing Board of the University City), that enabled him to implement very healthy initiatives, drew him into an ever more active engagement in the Spanish political life of his time as a result of which he relinquished his promising scientifical career. The present work intends to redeem from undeserved oblivion the huge human and intellectual personality of a man who can unmistakably be qualified as one of the historical and scientifical leaders of the twentieth century.